During the Cold War, NATO helped maintain peace in Europe through its policy of deterrence. But it also experienced disagreements among its members. The most troublesome involved nuclear weapons. United States officials generally insisted that NATO rely on nuclear weapons to deter a Soviet attack. Some people in NATO countries, however, opposed the use of these weapons. Also, European countries occasionally doubted that the United States would actually use nuclear weapons to defend Europe. Their doubts were based on the fact that the Soviet Union also had a powerful nuclear force. For these reasons, Britain and France built their own nuclear weapons. In 1966, France pulled its troops out of the NATO military command, though it remained a NATO member. Before France withdrew its troops, NATO's central office had been in Paris. In 1967, the organization moved its headquarters to Brussels, Belgium.
NATO's biggest crisis followed the breakup of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union in 1991. The Soviet Union broke apart into a number of independent states. Most of these states -- and the Soviet Union's former allies in Eastern Europe -- rejected Communism. Some people felt that without its traditional Communist enemies, NATO had lost its purpose and should disband.
Some NATO leaders proposed offering membership in NATO to such former Warsaw Pact lands as Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, and the Czech Republic. Other NATO leaders worried that offering membership to former Soviet allies might lead to a dangerous conflict with Russia.
To help resolve the uncertainty about NATO's future, the alliance began the Partnership for Peace program in 1994. Over 20 countries joined the program, including Russia. Most of the other countries that joined were Eastern European nations. The program provides for joint military planning and exercises with NATO members but does not involve formal NATO membership.
In the mid-1990's, NATO took military action against Bosnian Serb forces to help end a civil war in the former Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Bosnian Serbs were fighting Bosnia-Herzegovina's government. NATO's action increased tension between NATO and Russia, a traditional ally of the Serbs. In late 1995, the Bosnian government and the Bosnian Serbs agreed to a peace treaty, and NATO troops soon replaced United Nations troops as the peacekeeping force in Bosnia.
In 1997, Russia announced that it would not oppose the eastward expansion of NATO. That same year, NATO and Russia agreed to form a joint council to give Russia a voice in NATO decision making. Later in 1997, NATO invited the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to seek formal NATO membership. All three countries had expressed interest in becoming members. NATO decided not to offer membership to a number of other Eastern European countries.
Contributor: Gary B. Ostrower, Ph.D., Prof. of History, Alfred Univ.
Gary B. Ostrower, Ph.D., Prof. of History, Alfred Univ.
Additional resources
Kaplan, Lawrence S. NATO and the United States: The Enduring Alliance. Rev. ed. Twayne, 1994. The United States and NATO: The Formative Years. Univ. Pr. of Ky., 1984.
SOURCE: IBM 1999 WORLD BOOK